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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-course-id="course-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-usage-id="block-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@html+block@70eff0eb6e604604914c584345fc9321" data-request-token="50fa06fc5a2911f0af870242ac120015" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False">
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/45900a94c0b26ea054e12a342b98e355/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/baum_in_Gabu.jpg" alt="Baum Gabu" width="75%" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span>(Foto: Monika Lengauer)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>Menschen haben viele Gründe, zu migrieren oder zu flüchten. Sie fliehen vor Verfolgung und Krieg, sie migrieren aufgrund von politischen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen, kulturellen, persönlichen und anderen Bedingungen. Das nennt man auch „Push- und Pull-Faktoren“. </span><o:p></o:p><span>Oft fallen mehrere Gründe zusammen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>In der folgenden Einheit finden Sie verschiedene Erfahrungsberichte und Aufgaben, die Ihnen dabei helfen sollen, Push- und Pull-Faktoren besser zu verstehen.</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/00a32f663690044b04134128f18ccfc8/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/flucht_neu_kleiner.jpg" alt="Zaatari1" width="75%" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000;">(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span>Verfolgung und Kriege sind oft <a href=" https://www.bpb.de/internationales/weltweit/innerstaatliche-konflikte/54568/konfliktportraets" target="[object Object]">Fluchtgründe</a>. Frieden und Sicherheit in Aufnahmeländern hingegen sind Pull-Faktoren.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Welcher Migrant könnte aufgrund von Verfolgung und Krieg geflohen sein? Massoud oder Haim (oder beide)?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><iframe src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-verfolgung-und-krieg#c42" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/07fdfbfe30238ebee18d65a6ab6a5ace/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/Obama_Bar_Ret__004_.jpg" alt="obama" width="75%" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span color="#000000" style="color: #000000;">(Foto: Monika Lengauer)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="color: #000000;">Demokratische Institutionen und Rechtssicherheit sind Pull-Faktoren. Dagegen können Korruption, staatliche Fragilität (ein instabiler Staat) und schlechte Regierungsführung Menschen zur Migration veranlassen – </span><a href="https://www.projekte.hu-berlin.de/de/migsoz/arbeitspakete/ap-ii-wanderungsmodelle" target="[object Object]">Korruption treibt vor allem gut ausgebildete Menschen in die Abwanderung</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Welcher Migrant oder welche Migrantin ist eher aufgrund der Faktoren „Korruption, staatliche Fragilität, schlechte Regierungsführung“ geflohen: Rosa oder Suleyman (oder beide)? </span></p>
<p><iframe src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-und-pull-faktoren-demokratische-institutionen-und-rechtssicherheit-oder-korruption-staatliche-fragilitaet-und-schlechte-regierungsfuehrung-bearbeiten-zugriff-festlegen-seitenaktionen#c43" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/3b5814d9ab29affaf713743273291830/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/IMG_5753.JPG" alt="Menschenrechte" width="75%" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span>(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p><span><a href="https://www.uno-fluechtlingshilfe.de/informieren/fluchtursachen/menschenrechtsverletzungen/" target="[object Object]">Menschenrechte</a> stehen jedem Menschen gleichermaßen und unabhängig von der Staatsangehörigkeit zu. Sie sind universell, unveräußerlich und unteilbar. Dazu gehören zum Beispiel das Verbot der Folter, der Sklaverei und der Diskriminierung; das Recht auf Leben, Freiheit und Sicherheit der Person; das Recht, eine Familie zu gründen; das Recht auf eine Staatsangehörigkeit; das Recht auf Asyl; das Recht auf Bildung und vieles mehr.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Gewalt gegen Frauen ist eine Menschenrechtsverletzung. Welche Migrantin ist eher aufgrund der Verletzung von Menschenrechten geflohen: Amani oder Marwa (oder beide)?</span></p>
<p><iframe src=" https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-menschenrechte " width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/df20d6d2e2a9f96f27cb935105829695/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/neu_neu_neu.jpg" alt="neu" width="75%" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Rücküberweisungen (engl. remittances) sind Gelder, die Migrant*innen durch Arbeit in ihrem Zielland verdienen, und von denen sie einen Teil in ihre Heimat (rück-)überweisen. Sie unterstützen damit ihre Familien und zahlen „Investitionen“ zurück, die sie für ihre Migration von ihren Netzwerken erhalten haben. <a href="https://migrationdataportal.org/de/themes/grenzueberschreitende-geldtransfers" target="[object Object]">Rücküberweisungen machen in vielen Ländern einen höheren Teil des Budgets aus als Entwicklungshilfe und Auslandsinvestitionen</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Es gibt sogar einen Tag im Jahr, der den Rücküberweisungen gewidmet ist: der 16. Juni. Von den Vereinten Nationen wurde dieser Tag zum „<a href="https://www.presseportal.de/pm/129291/4297113#:~:text=%5BBonn%2C%2014.06.2019%5D,Internationalen%20Tag%20der%20Heimat%C3%BCberweisungen%20erkl%C3%A4rt" target="[object Object]">Internationalen Tag der Heimatüberweisungen</a>“ erklärt.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Die an der </span><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Universität Siegen</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"> ausgebildete Politikwissenschaftlerin aus Kamerun, <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-531-94076-2" target="[object Object]">Florence Tsague Assopgoum</a>,</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"> beschreibt Rücküberweisungen als einen „nicht zu vernachlässigenden Anreiz für Abwanderungskandidaten“. Der größte Teil der Gelder werde zur Verbesserung der Lebensstandards der Familien verwendet. Auswanderung, zitiert sie den Präsidenten Ugandas, sei “das erste Exportprodukt“ seines Landes.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Welche Migrantin ist eher migriert, um Geld nach Hause zu überweisen: Mouna oder Mam oder beide?</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><iframe src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-und-pull-faktoren-arbeitsmigration-und-rueckueberweisungen#c45" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/0beaf2171a90294262d48c418f63e013/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/bildung_neu_klein.jpg" alt="zaatari school" width="75%" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span>(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; background: white;"><span>Bildung bzw. der Mangel an Bildungschancen wird oft als entscheidender <a href="https://www.unesco.de/sites/default/files/2019-03/GEMR_2019-Res%C3%BCmee-Final.pdf" target="[object Object]">Grund für Migration</a> genannt.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; background: white;"><span>In <a href="https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r7_dispatchno288_looking_for_opportunity_africans_views_on_emigration1.pdf " target="[object Object]">Umfragen</a> geben Migrant*innen aus Afrika allerdings an, dass ihr Hauptgrund die Suche nach Arbeit ist (41%-50%), und nur 5%-7% der hier Befragten nennen die Suche nach Bildung als Migrationsgrund.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Für welchen Migranten war Bildung eher der Grund, zu migrieren: für Augustine oder für Jacob (oder beide)?</span></p>
<p><iframe src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-bildung#c47" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white; text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/ed8ec925c70f23bfdd7d5a208148fe55/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/klima__klein_dead_sea.jpg" alt="dead sea" width="75%" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white; text-align: center;"><span>(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white; text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white;"><span>Dürren, der Anstieg des Meeresspiegels, Extremwetter und andere Faktoren des Klimawandels wirken sich weltweit zunehmend auf die <a href="https://migrationdataportal.org/de/themes/environmental_migration" target="[object Object]">Mobilität der Menschen</a> aus.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Auf welche Migrantin könnte der Klimawandel als Grund für Migration eher passen, auf Selena oder Nyamdulam (oder beide)?</span></p>
<p><iframe width="100%" src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-klimawandel#c46" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white; text-align: center;"><span><span style="color: #000000;">(Foto: Vagner Barbosa Gomes Cá</span><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 1em;">)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white;"><span><span style="color: #000000;">Persönliche Netzwerke gelten als </span><a href=" https://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/kurzdossiers/57320/netzwerke" target="[object Object]">entscheidender Pull-Faktor</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white;"><span><span style="color: #000000;">Das bestätigen jede Menge interessanter Studien, darunter die von</span> <a href="http://www.jblumenstock.com/files/papers/migration_networks.pdf" target="[object Object]">Blumenstock, Chi und Tan</a> von 2019.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; background: white;"><span>Die Forscher Blumenstock, Chi und Tan haben festgestellt, dass Migrant*innen vielfach miteinander verwobene Netzwerke (in denen Freunde gemeinsame Freunde haben) bevorzugt nutzen. Dafür haben sie alle Mobiltelefonnutzer Ruandas – fast eine Million Menschen – über fünf Jahre untersucht, jedes Telefonat lokalisiert und die Telefonteilnehmer*innen identifiziert.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aber es sind nicht nur die sozialen Netzwerke, sondern auch Medienberichte, die, wie die in Siegen ausgebildete kamerunische Wissenschaftlerin <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-531-94076-2" target="[object Object]">Assopgoum</a> schreibt, „als mögliche Anstifter von Auswanderung [...] nicht zu vernachlässigen“ (S. 103) sind.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Wer gründet seine Migration auf persönliche Schilderungen von Freunden?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;">Wer gründet seine Migration auf persönliche Netzwerke?<br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;"></span></p>
<p><iframe src="https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-netzwerke#c48" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/c6cb136027129f52760b9a21a956175c/asset-v1:MMI+Kurs003+online+type@asset+block/abenteuer_erneut_klein.jpg" alt="ziguinchor" width="75%" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span>(Foto: Chantal Beil)</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Junge Menschen in Afrika träumen oft von fantastischen Möglichkeiten eines besseren Lebens in Europa, vom modernen „idealen Anderswo“. Ethnografen wie <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/etnografica/1253" target="[object Object]">Bordonaro</a> beschreiben junge Männer aus dem westafrikanischen Land Guinea-Bissau, für die Migration die naheliegendste Strategie ist, ein sozial akzeptiertes Mitglied der Gesellschaft zu werden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="color: #000000;">„Abenteuerlust“ schafft danach eine „Kultur der Migration“ als neuem Standard für junge Menschen. Das trifft nicht nur auf junge Männer zu, sondern auch auf junge Frauen, wie </span><a href="https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/handle/2183/25698" target="[object Object]">Frías Rudolphi</a> <span style="color: #000000;">und</span> <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887/59835 " target="[object Object]">Schrover & Moloney</a> <span style="color: #000000;">beschreiben.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;"></span>Wer sucht das Abenteuer in der Migration? </span></p>
<p><iframe src=" https://h5p.mediendienst-integration.de/push-faktor-abenteuer#c49" width="100%" height="620" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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